Based on the notion of heterogeneity and skill differentiation among users, we develop a typology of interactions between user communities and firms producing a product or service around which the community is centered. Hybrid innovation models are described as stable arrangements in which part of the innovation function is relegated to the user community, but the commercially oriented firm is capable of systematically and repeatedly appropriating monetary returns to the community-generated innovations.  read more »

The standards setting process relies to an increasing degree on successfully integrating up-to-date research and development results. Successful interaction between research and standards can promote further innovation activity and provide important social benefits in general.  read more »

This study measures the extent to which free music downloads, including the use of P2P file sharing networks, act as substitutes or complements to music purchase in markets for CDs and electronic delivered music (such as MP3).  read more »

Full title : New Moves in 'Legal Jujitsu' to combat the Anticommons.
Mitigating IPR constraints on innovation thru a 'bottom-up' approach to systemic institutional reform.

In this paper it is argued that the evolution towards using the IPR system in support of ‘open innovation’ processes in services, based upon sharing information, knowledge, ideas and (cultural) expressions, has been led by firms and industry in their strategic interactive or collaborative IP management, rather than led by government policy designing the law and enforcement.  read more »

Using the example of open source software, this study examines the effect of opening up the innovation process on the market value of firms. In a sample of 30 software companies in the time span from 1 January 1999 to 30 April 2007, I find that market valuation is strongly influenced by the business model firms choose for their open innovation efforts.  read more »

This paper argues that due to the endless substitution possibilities open to consumers of cultural products, firms’ competitive advantage rests as much upon positionality and differentiation as upon traditional forms of intellectual property such as copyrights and trademarks.  read more »